Take the fear out of filmmaking: an A-Z guide for videographers and hybrid content creators

More and more stills photographers are shooting video, or are being asked to add videography to their repertoire. The good news is: if you're using pro-level Canon cameras, you already have a world-class video production system in your hands. But having the equipment is just the beginning – there's a whole vocabulary of specific videography terms to get to grips with if you're moving into the world of hybrid image-making.

That's where this handy glossary of specialist video terms comes in. From codecs to T-stops, from Cinema RAW Light to Wide DR, our guide will explain 34 key terms and concepts that you never encounter in stills photography, or have a different meaning or specific application in the world of video. We'll take the confusion out of filmmaking and help you master the art of videography.

A 4K image is one with approximately 4,000 pixels horizontally. It's said to be the new standard, but the catch is that there's more than one variety of 4K. 4K UHD (Ultra High Definition) has a resolution of 3,840 x 2,160, which is the same 16:9 aspect ratio as HDTV. It is the most common type of 4K. 4K DCI, sometimes called Cinema 4K, is a 17:9 format with a resolution of 4,096 x 2,160. It is most commonly found on professional cinema cameras, such as the Canon EOS C500 Mark II, EOS C400 and EOS C80. By comparison, 2K DCI is a 17:9 format at 2,048 x 1,080, while 8K DCI is 8,192 x 4,320, which is double 4K DCI in each dimension.

The Canon EOS R5 Mark II and EOS R5 C support internal 8K video recording using the full width of their full-frame sensors. With four times the resolution of 4K video, 8K captures a high volume of data that opens up creative opportunities when it comes to post-production. The extra information captured in 8K footage can be useful for VFX artists who require the extra real estate and precision at the pixel level. Having an 8K master provides some degree of futureproofing too.

Editing natively in 8K makes for a more straightforward workflow, although it places extra demands on computer hardware, storage and video editing software. However, 8K input doesn't necessarily mean exclusively 8K output, and the 8K video capabilities of the EOS R5 Mark II and EOS R5 C bring a number of benefits to a 4K workflow. This includes the option of cropping a 4K image from the 8K frame at the editing stage (or in camera with the digital tele-converter function in the EOS R5 C), and 8K footage also makes it possible to use software to zoom, pan and stabilise after filming. As well as this, both 8K cameras can oversample the video from 8K to give a 4K image which is more detailed when compared with footage shot natively at 4K.

A classic cinematography format where the image on a standard-sized film or sensor capture is intentionally distorted to create a widescreen image. This is made possible using an anamorphic lens on the camera and de-squeezed horizontally at usually 2x, 1.8x, 1.5x or 1.3x to correct the image. Classic anamorphic characteristics include oval-shaped bokeh and long, horizontal flares.

Literally, the number of bits of digital data allocated to storing a pixel's tonal or colour information. The more bits, the more possible levels of colour or tonal gradation recorded. Some cameras record in 8-bit, which offers 256 possible shades for each colour channel. 10-bit files have 1,024 shades per channel, while 12-bit offers 4,096 shades per channel. Cinema EOS cameras such as the Canon EOS C400 can record 6K in 12-bit Cinema RAW, for example. Higher bit depth in principle means more tonal detail is recorded, allowing for smoother image gradients and finer adjustments when editing. However, higher bit depth increases file sizes.

The cutting-edge Back-Side Illuminated (BSI) technology developed by Canon features an improved sensor architecture that captures light more efficiently by placing circuitry underneath the sensor plane. This stacked circuitry also increases sensor readout speed. BSI sensors significantly improve low light, rolling shutter and auto focus performance and are featured in the EOS C400, EOS C80, EOS R1, EOS R5 Mark II and EOS R3.

This picture profile is designed to deliver a rich, cinematic image straight from the camera and is available in the Custom Picture Menu of Cinema EOS, EOS R System and professional video cameras such as the EOS C400, EOS R5 Mark II and the XF605. Canon 709 provides a subtle boost in contrast and saturation in-camera alongside smooth highlight roll-off, making it a great option to achieve cinematic looking footage without colour grading.

Currently, there are three Canon Log gamma curves, each of which offers a different degree of dynamic range expansion. While some cameras such as the EOS R5 C offer Canon Log 3 exclusively, models such as the EOS C80 and EOS C400 provide the choice for either Canon Log 2 or 3. Canon Log 3 offers the most convenient blend of latitude and grading ease, offering a similar shadow response to the original Canon Log but with 14 stops of dynamic range. Canon Log 3 can now be found in mirrorless cameras built with videographers in mind, such as the EOS R5 Mark II (alongside Log 2) and EOS R50 V, as well as the compact V Series camera, the PowerShot V1. Canon Log 2 offers maximum dynamic range in excess of 16 stops on the Canon EOS C300 Mark III and EOS C70 with Dual Gain Output (DGO) sensors.

RAW video files offer productions maximum flexibility to manipulate the image in post, but the data rates of RAW are considerably higher than standard compressed formats. Canon's Cinema RAW Light format alleviates this problem, delivering a significant reduction in file size without sacrificing image quality. All current Canon Cinema EOS cameras now support 12-bit Cinema RAW Light internal recording, providing the highest possible image quality in a file that's approximately a third to a fifth of the size of the original Canon Cinema RAW format. Three Cinema RAW Light options – Light (LT), Standard (ST) and High Quality (HQ) – were recently introduced to provide even further data workflow flexibility while maintaining 12-bit colour information.

Designed especially for recording 4K resolution and beyond for the broadcast and cinema industries, CFexpress memory cards boast exceptionally fast read and write speeds to make post-production workflow more efficient and in-camera capture as fast as possible. CFexpress media can provide terabytes of data storage and allow cameras such as the EOS R5 C to record 8K RAW video up to 60fps. The small, reliable cards are also ideal for extreme conditions, working well in very high and low temperatures. Many Canon cameras use CFexpress Type-B technology, from the EOS C400 to the compact EOS R5 Mark II.

A codec is a software layer for encoding and decoding video files at recording and playback. Popular recording formats include XF-AVC (MXF) and H.264/HEVC (MP4). Some codecs, such as the XF-AVC used in the Canon EOS C300 Mark III and Canon XF605 camcorder, provide outstanding image quality with a reasonable file size. Others, such as High Efficiency Video Codec HEVC/H.265, provide even more efficient data compression. Canon recently introduced XF-AVC S and XF-HEVC S in cameras such as the EOS C400, EOS C80, EOS R1 and EOS R5 Mark II. These cutting-edge formats provide professional filename structures, advanced camera and lens metadata and, as they are MP4 based, are compatible with a wide range of playback and editing software solutions.

Apple ProRes is another popular codec designed for high-quality, high-performance editing. Canon Cinema RAW Light can be easily transcoded to ProRes using Canon RAW Development software on a Mac. Support for Apple ProRes RAW is also provided by selected cameras including the EOS R5 C and EOS R5, via a compatible Atomos external recorder connected to the HDMI output on the camera. ProRes RAW fuses the small file size and performance benefits of ProRes with the flexibility of RAW. Downloading the Canon plug-in 1.0 for ProRes RAW allows in-camera attributes such as ISO, custom white balance and noise reduction to then be customised in Final Cut Pro.

When editing video, the first step in getting colours right is colour correcting, which makes sure footage looks exactly the way the human eye sees things. Colour grading is the next step, where the aesthetic of the film is altered to convey a visual tone or mood. When a production has been shot using a logarithmic curve such as Canon Log or 12-bit RAW, extra brightness and colour information can be utilised in the creative grade. Canon provides a range of Log conversion LUTs that are a great starting point for colour correction, prior to taking it further into the grade to provide a more stylised, cinematic mood or feel.

A sensor-based autofocus system designed to provide fast autofocus acquisition and smooth, high-performance focus tracking in movies. It is built into all Canon Cinema EOS cameras and is compatible with more than 100 Canon RF, RF-S, EF and EF-S lenses. The Canon-developed technology is ideal for helping you achieve pull-focus effects and keeping a subject moving towards the user in sharp focus while maintaining a blurred background. Canon Cinema EOS cameras have fine-tuning AF setting such as speed and response, providing more control of these focus transitions. A phase-detection system, Dual Pixel CMOS AF is generally faster than contrast-detection autofocus, which uses light sensors behind the lens to measure when contrast is at its greatest point, which corresponds to maximum sharpness.

Dual Pixel CMOS AF II, found in the EOS C400 and the EOS C80, covers the entire sensor area and can detect animals as well as people.

Even when using manual focus lenses, or AF lenses in manual mode, cameras equipped with Dual Pixel CMOS AF technology can give a visual confirmation when a subject is in focus. This technology, which works with EF and RF mount lenses, was first seen on Canon Cinema EOS cameras and displays a symbol in the viewfinder that indicates which way the lens focus ring needs to be turned to achieve accurate focus.

With incredibly high data needs, video often benefits from the use of an external video recorder – a separate device that can display and record the video stream. Most cameras that can send a clean video signal out of their HDMI port (or SDI Out connection, where available) for recording do so without compression, making the footage captured in the external recorder higher quality than that saved in-camera.

Almost all of Canon's Cinema EOS and EOS R System cameras have the ability to recognise a human face – or multiple faces – and set those as the points for focus. When there are a number of people in the picture, one person will be determined to be the main subject, but you have the option to select someone else. The camera will keep tracking the main subject even when it moves. Additional options are available in the Face AF submenu on Cinema EOS and certain advanced EOS R System cameras, where you can choose between Face Only and Face Priority. Face Only will limit the AF strictly to what is recognised as a human face. Alternatively with Face Priority, should your subject leave the frame or not be recognised, the camera will revert to AF Frame so autofocus is still possible.

The EOS C400, EOS C80, EOS C70 and EOS R5 C feature Canon's EOS iTR AF X, an advanced tracking and recognition system driven by "deep-learning" artificial intelligence. It's clever enough to detect not just human faces but human heads as well, making it possible to maintain focus even when the subject turns and moves away from the camera.

This is a visual aid in the viewfinder or monitor to show which parts of your image are in sharp focus. In theory, areas in focus will coincide with the peak contrast, so the image is evaluated for contrast and these areas are highlighted on the display in a bright colour. You can see the highlighted areas of the scene change as you change the focus. Canon Cinema EOS Cameras have the feature, as do EOS R System cameras such as the Canon EOS R5, EOS R6 Mark II and EOS R3.

This is the frequency at which video frames are captured, expressed in frames per second (fps). Typical frame rates are 24fps for cinema, 25 or 30fps for broadcast video in different parts of the world, and 50 or 60fps for television in different parts of the world (25/50fps is for PAL regions while 30/60fps is NTSC regions). When edited on a 25 or 30p timeline, footage shot at 50/60fps can be slowed down to half-speed slow-motion. Higher frame rates such as 120 or 180fps are available on some cameras and can be slowed down for super slow-motion. Cinema cameras such as the Canon EOS C400, EOS C300 Mark III, EOS C80, EOS C70 and EOS R5 C can film at 120fps in 4K with no crop of the image.

While most photographers think in terms of ISO, and Canon Cinema EOS cameras give you the option to use ISO settings, some traditional videographers and broadcasters think in terms of gain. This refers to the relationship between the input signal and the output signal of any electronic system. Higher levels of gain amplify the signal, resulting in greater brightness and contrast. Lower levels of gain darken the image and reduce contrast. So gain adjustment affects the sensor's sensitivity to light, just like ISO. See also DGO.

The basic HD format, also called 720p, has a 16:9 aspect ratio at 1,280 x 720 pixel resolution. 1080p is known as Full HD, with 1,920 lines horizontal resolution and 1,080 lines vertical resolution, so also a 16:9 format. The p in 720p and 1080p stands for progressive, which means the data is contained in each frame, as distinct from interlaced (i), in which the image data is split between two frames in alternating lines of image data. Interlaced video takes up less storage space than progressively captured video.

The High-Definition Multimedia Interface is the most common type of connection for transmitting HD video and digital audio between devices, such as from the camera to a recorder, or for livestreaming. The Canon EOS C300 Mark III and EOS C70 have a full-size HDMI type A socket, for example. Some cameras, such as the Canon EOS R5 and Canon XA60 camcorder, have the more compact micro-HDMI socket.

Most standard computer monitors and TV screens cannot reproduce the full range of brightness – from shadow to highlights – that a camera's sensor is capable of capturing. So, many cameras capture footage in standard dynamic range, as the final output will be viewed on a standard dynamic range monitor or TV compliant with the standard Rec.709 or BT.709 8-bit colour space. HDR screens have a wider range (10-bit or 12-bit) and can display the greater colour and brightness range captured by video cameras that offer PQ or Hybrid Log Gamma settings conforming to BT.2020. All Canon Cinema EOS cameras offer HDR capture.

Not all lenses are capable of acquiring the level of detail in the shadows and highlights that is required for HDR productions, but Canon's cinema prime and Flex Zoom lenses are designed with this in mind. The Canon CN-R Prime lenses are highly capable in terms of HDR and 8K, for example, and blend exceptional clarity with minimal focus breathing as well as authentic warm colour and skin tone reproduction for cinematic results.

Canon now offers three image stabilisation technologies. The first is a lens-based system that compensates for unwanted movement or "camera shake". In Canon lenses that use this system, this is achieved by analysing movement with gyro sensors, then shifting a movable optical element within the lens to compensate for the movement and correct the light path so that the image on the sensor remains stationary. You can tell that a Canon lens has Image Stabilizer technology by the initials IS in its name. All current Canon Cinema EOS cameras incorporate Electronic Image Stabilization in the camera body, supporting 5-axis camera shake correction. Even when used with lenses with no electronic lens communication, Electronic IS is possible by manually inputting the focal length. Finally, In-body Image Stabilization (IBIS) is available on a number of EOS R System cameras, including the EOS R5 Mark II, EOS R6 Mark II and EOS R3. All three image stabilisation technologies can be activated simultaneously in these cameras, to provide gimbal-like smoothness.

Now an integral part of modern video production, livestreaming takes many forms – from a simple single-camera vlogging setup with cameras like the PowerShot V1 or EOS R50 V to a more complex multi-cam livestream for a university lecture or house of worship event. There are a number of livestreaming workflows that can be adopted too, but the basic setup requires a camera, a microphone, a computer and a hardware or software encoder to convert the video into a format that can be streamed. For the distribution side of things, you'll need a streaming platform that allows you to broadcast your video, as well as a stable internet connection. For more complex setups, the Canon Live Switcher Mobile App enables you to seamlessly switch between multiple camera angles straight from your mobile device.

All types of cameras can be used for livestreaming, but a professional camcorder is a great all-in-one solution as it offers the flexibility of a built-in optical zoom, XLR terminals for professional audio, mains power and a range of connectivity options. As well as having HDMI Out, camcorders such as the Canon XA75 and XA70 are equipped with a more robust SDI Out connection, plus a USB video class (UVC) compliant USB-C connection that enables the camera to work with most popular streaming software without the need for extra drivers.

Cameras such as the Canon EOS C400, EOS C80 and Canon XF605 camcorder and Canon CR-N500 PTZ camera also feature a built-in Ethernet port for Internet Protocol (IP) streaming. Connecting the camera to a Local Area Network (LAN) and using an IP-based livestreaming software solution enables high-quality video to be streamed more efficiently over longer distances using a greater number of cameras and fewer cables. Ultimately, the streaming bitrate – how many bits of information are sent to the streaming platform each second, usually expressed in megabits per second (Mbps) for video – will determine the quality of your livestream. The video resolution, frame rate and internet upload speed have an impact on the bitrate, and streaming platforms can have different bitrate recommendations too.

There are various delivery methods for an encoded livestream, including Real-Time Messaging Protocol (RTMP) and Secure Reliable Transport (SRT) Protocol. RTMP is an established protocol that enables high-quality, low latency streaming. Latency is the lag between the camera capturing the video and the stream being displayed to viewers. A higher latency can be a problem if you're interacting with viewers, but a low latency can result in increased playback buffering. SRT is a popular new streaming protocol that provides stable, high quality connectivity while requiring less data transmission than RTMP.

An LUT or Lookup Table is a mathematical formula that modifies the colour of an image or footage. LUTs can be used for both technical and creative purposes, including Log conversion. A popular use is as a really quick way to grade your footage once you've colour-corrected it, allowing you to achieve a distinctive look. LUTs are available for download that create a wide range of cinematic looks in post production environments such as DaVinci Resolve, Final Cut Pro X and Adobe Premiere Pro CC. Canon Cinema EOS cameras not only include conversion LUTs but also allow users to import their own into the camera. Some monitors also have LUT support, so while filming you can see what the final footage will look like after the LUT is applied.

Many Canon cinema cameras offer resolutions beyond 4K, such as 6K and even 8K. However, you do not need to record at that resolution to benefit from the extra detail in the sensor. Due to the exceptionally fast DIGIC processors found in Canon cameras, oversampling is now possible. Oversampling is a technique that utilises high resolution footage and reduces it down to a lower resolution (for example, from 8K down to 4K) while processing the extra information to improve image clarity, sharpness and reduce noise.

On Cinema EOS cameras and select EOS R System cameras there are a number of Custom Picture Profiles available. These stored configurations can include Canon Log 2 and 3, HDR and Wide DR, and they can also be customised by the user. On top of this, colour spaces such as BT.2020 or Cinema Gamut can be selected, and the image can also be fine-tuned with adjustments including contrast, sharpness, skin detail and noise reduction. Colour matrix can also be selected to enhance compatibility with footage from other cameras. See also Canon 709.

Super 35 has been the standard cinematic format for decades. It offers a larger image frame than standard 35mm film stock, which was achieved by using the space on the film that would normally contain the optical audio track. Digital Super 35 cameras such as the EOS C70 and EOS C300 Mark III have sensors approximately the frame size of Super 35. They are slightly smaller than the full-frame sensors found in the EOS C400 and EOS C80, which results in a crop factor of approximately 1.5x compared to full-frame – so a 50mm lens on a Super 35 camera gives an image that's equivalent to s 75mm lens on a full-frame camera. Choosing between full-frame and 35mm sensors depends on the look you want. Super 35 is a popular choice for filmmaking thanks to its balance between image quality and versatility. Being able to capture a tighter image with Super 35 can be useful when you are unable to get physically closer to the subject, and the increase in depth of field that results from shooting at a greater distance or using wider lenses compared to full-frame can be beneficial for some projects. For convenience, full-frame cameras offer Super 35 crop mode recording.

Stills photographers are used to controlling exposure by altering shutter speed, but traditional movie cameras had rotary shutters instead of curtain mechanisms, so exposure time was determined by shutter angle. If film is advanced at the standard 24 frames per second, a 180-degree (half-circular) shutter will expose each frame for half the time or 1/48 sec. This produces a naturalistic look. That's why the so-called 180-degree rule states that shutter speed should be set to double the frame rate. Altering the shutter angle doesn't just change the exposure, though, but the aesthetic look of the footage – the beach-head scene in Saving Private Ryan, to take a notable example, was shot with a narrow shutter angle to replicate vintage newsreel footage. So for a naturalistic look that doesn't jar, cinematographers stick to the 180-degree rule, setting a shutter speed of twice the camera's frame rate.

T-stops – or Transmission stops – are used on cinema lenses and are more accurate at determining exposure than f-stops. The T-stop is an f-stop corrected for the amount of light that successfully reaches the camera sensor plane. The f-stop is a theoretical value, while the T-stop is an actual tested value.

The base ISO of a cinema camera is the amplification level (or ISO) that achieves the greatest signal-to-noise ratio, and therefore the cleanest image with the most dynamic range. Canon's Triple Base ISO system, featured on the EOS C400 and EOS C80 cinema cameras, provide users with three Base ISO options: 800, 3200 or 12800 (when shooting in Canon Log or RAW). This significantly improves the low-light capability of the camera in situations where lighting cannot be controlled, such as in documentary filmmaking or in the production of live events, while maintaining exceptionally clear and professional footage.

UVC/UAC (USB Video Class/USB Audio Class) is a standard that allows cameras to stream video over USB without needing additional drivers or software, ideal for video conferencing, live streaming, online teaching or even recording tutorials. Canon cameras with UVC support, such as the PowerShot V1 and EOS R5 Mark II, can be connected to a computer via a USB cable. Once connected, the camera is recognised as a webcam by the computer, allowing you to use it for video calls, live streaming, or recording directly to your PC. This plug-and-play functionality simplifies the setup process and enhances the video quality compared to standard webcams. Using a Canon camera as a UVC webcam is straightforward , and an easy way to elevate your video quality for various online activities.

This method of production combines live-action filmmaking with real-time digital elements to create in-camera visual effects. Cutting-edge virtual production uses a photorealistic virtual environment created using a 3D game engine and then displayed in real-time on an LED wall (or via a green screen) behind a physical set.

A camera tracking system uses positional data of the camera and optical information from the lens to ensure that the 'frustum' – the area of the background that the camera sees – is rendered accurately according to the camera's perspective and the current focal length of the lens. Canon Flex Zoom lenses are perfect for virtual production, as they're compatible with Cooke /i Technology and ZEISS eXtended Data lens communication protocols on PL mounts and offer a LEMO 4-pin connector for additional metadata support. Canon Cinema EOS cameras such as the EOS C400 and EOS C80 are ideal for virtual productions thanks to supporting CV Protocol. This allows the camera to transmit real-time camera and lens metadata directly into Unreal Engine using Canon’s Live Link plugin, producing seamless integration between the real and virtual world.

The parallax effect that's created by the physical camera and virtual camera being in sync is incredibly immersive. The LED panels in the 'outer frustum' – the area outside of the camera's field of view – can provide dynamic lighting, further enhancing the effect.

Virtual reality is a cutting-edge immersive media that transports viewers into a new world using stereoscopic VR headsets. Canon has developed industry-leading all-in-one VR content capture solutions such as the innovative RF 5.2mm F2.8L DUAL FISHEYE lens. This lens enables immersive 180-degree stereoscopic footage that can produce 4K resolution per eye when paired with 8K cameras, such as the Canon EOS R5 C.

While many stills photographers are used to histograms as a graphical representation of images' brightness, filmmakers more often use waveforms. Unlike a histogram, a waveform produces an abstract version of your image, and viewing the waveform from left to right mirrors viewing the image from left to right, making it easy to quickly reference the brightness of specific areas of your frame. Filmmakers also rely on vectorscopes, which display six colour targets aimed at getting the colours matched in your films.

Wide DR gamma setting allows the camera to capture a wider dynamic range than traditional BT.709-based standard gammas. It falls between BT.709 and the much flatter Log profiles. If you shoot Log, then your footage will need to be graded, but Wide DR records more dynamic range from the sensor that can be used without the need for grading. Canon's Cinema EOS cameras offer Wide DR.